Amid rising regional tensions and evolving diplomatic alignments in the Middle East and South Caucasus, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian’s participation in the 17th ECO Summit in Khankendi has drawn significant international attention. The summit, held against the backdrop of fragile Iran–U.S. nuclear negotiations, growing concerns over Israel’s military posture, and Azerbaijan’s deepening regional role, offers key insights into the future of multilateral cooperation and conflict management.